role of the father (‘to beget’) or of the mother (‘to bear, bring forth’). Thus His words could be translated as ‘unless a man is born again’ or ‘unless a man is begotten again’. The same terminology is found in John 1:13; 3:3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; 1 John 2:29; 3:9; 4:7; 5:1, 4, 18. A closely related term, anagennaō, is used in 1 Peter 1:3, 23 and indicates the father’s role. What is clear from this language, and related concepts such as ‘new creation’ in Ephesians 2:10 and 2 Corinthians 5:17, is that